Everything below concerns Metabolite. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Updated 2026-06-20. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
The pharmacological interest in cardarine centers on PPARδ activation and its downstream effects on lipid handling and mitochondrial function. In animal studies, PPARδ agonists have been associated with changes in exercise endurance and fatty acid utilization, though results vary by model and protocol. Human data remain sparse, and the absence of large controlled trials limits conclusions about efficacy. Researchers often describe the compound as a tool for probing PPARδ biology rather than a proven therapeutic agent.
Safety discussions about cardarine frequently cite rodent carcinogenicity findings reported in the 2000s. In those studies, treated animals developed tumors at multiple sites, leading sponsors to discontinue clinical development. The relevance of these findings to humans has not been resolved, but they are a major reason the compound is not approved. Current literature emphasizes uncertainty about long-term effects and the risks of unregulated use. Regulators and health agencies have not established a safe human exposure level.
Cardarine is explicitly prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency under the class of PPARδ agonists. Its presence in urine or blood samples can be detected using mass spectrometry-based methods, often liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Athletes who test positive may face sanctions, including bans from competition. The compound is also regulated as a prescription-only or unapproved drug in many countries. Enforcement varies by jurisdiction, and some regions treat it as a controlled substance. Online sales may occur despite these restrictions, creating quality and legal risks.
Laboratory detection of cardarine typically involves sample preparation followed by chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric identification. Urine is the most common matrix for anti-doping tests, though blood and hair have also been explored. Methods can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the expected window of detection. Reference standards are required for accurate quantification. Matrix effects and dilution can influence results, so laboratories use internal standards and validation protocols. The exact detection window varies with dose, route, and individual metabolism.
A common misconception is that cardarine has been proven safe for human use. In reality, human clinical data are limited, and long-term animal studies have raised concerns about cancer. Another misconception is that it is a supplement or vitamin-like compound. It is a synthetic research chemical with no approved medical indication. Scientific discussion often focuses on its mechanism and detection rather than therapeutic use. Regulatory and anti-doping literature treats it primarily as a prohibited substance.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common synonyms | GW501516, GW-501516, GW 501516, endurobol | Names vary in research and anti-doping documents. |
| Chemical class | Synthetic PPARδ agonist | Small-molecule nuclear receptor ligand. |
| CAS Registry Number | 317318-70-0 | Identifier commonly associated with GW501516. |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical for purified research material. |
| Solubility | Low in water; soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Organic solvents are common for laboratory stock solutions. |
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound developed in the 1990s through research collaborations involving GlaxoSmithKline. It belongs to a class of molecules known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Early studies explored its effects on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in animal models. The compound was never approved as a human medicine, and clinical development was discontinued. In the years since, it has appeared in fitness and bodybuilding communities as a performance-enhancing substance. Regulatory agencies classify it as an unapproved drug.
PPARδ is a nuclear receptor that regulates gene expression related to fatty acid oxidation, glucose homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. GW501516 binds to this receptor with high affinity and activates downstream signaling in skeletal muscle and other tissues. Animal studies reported increased endurance and altered fuel preference, but human data remain limited and inconsistent. The precise relationship between receptor activation and observed physiological changes is still an area of active investigation. Researchers have also examined whether the compound affects inflammation or cell proliferation. No approved therapeutic indication exists for cardarine.
In laboratory settings, cardarine is studied as a tool compound for probing PPARδ biology. Published experiments often use cell cultures, rodent models, or isolated tissues. Some investigations focus on metabolic effects, while others assess potential risks such as carcinogenicity observed in long-term animal studies. Because human trials are sparse, most knowledge comes from preclinical work and adverse event reports. Scientific literature frequently notes the gap between animal findings and human outcomes. The compound is not a dietary supplement and is not intended for human consumption.
Stability of GW501516 depends on form, temperature, light exposure, and moisture. Solid reference material is typically stored frozen or refrigerated in a desiccator and protected from light. Solutions in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide are often kept frozen in aliquots to reduce freeze-thaw cycling. Aqueous solubility is low, so aqueous stock solutions can be difficult to prepare without cosolvents. Degradation may appear as changes in chromatographic purity or mass spectral signal. Stability studies are needed to establish shelf life for any specific preparation.
Quality assessment for cardarine samples usually combines identity, purity, and impurity testing. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry can confirm molecular structure, while high-performance liquid chromatography estimates purity. Certificates of analysis from testing laboratories may list these results, but they do not establish safety or legality. In the absence of approved manufacturing, products sold online may contain the wrong compound, variable amounts, or unlisted contaminants. Independent verification is therefore central to analytical work and to interpreting any reported biological activity.
=== Medical management === It is often possible to manage severe malnutrition within a person's home, using ready-to-use therapeutic foods. In people with severe malnutrition complicated by other health problems, treatment in a hospital setting is recommended. In-hospital treatment often involves managing low blood sugar, maintaining adequate body temperature, addressing dehydration, and gradual feeding. Routine antibiotics are usually recommended because malnutrition weakens the immune system, causing a high risk of infection. Additionally, broad spectrum antibiotics are recommended in all severely undernourished children with diarrhea requiring admission to hospital. A severely malnourished child who appears to have dehydration, but has not had diarrhea, should be treated as if they have an infection. Among malnourished people who are hospitalized, nutritional support improves protein intake, calorie intake, and weight.
== Further reading == Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). "Ch. 7: Haemophilus influenzae". In Atkinson W; Wolfe S; Hamborsky J (eds.). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Public Health Foundation. pp. 87–100. Archived from the original on 2017-03-10. "Haemophilus influenzae". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 727.
== Notable cases == In 1989 Lucille Ball, aged 77, was diagnosed with a dissecting aortic aneurysm and underwent a seven hour surgery to repair her aorta and replace her aortic valve. She died after surgery due to an unrelated abdominal aortic aneurysm that had burst. Playwright Jonathan Larson, best known for the musical Rent, died in 1996 at the age of 35 of an aortic dissection believed to be due to undiagnosed Marfan syndrome. Three's Company actor John Ritter died from a thoracic aortic dissection in 2003, at the age of 54 after he was misdiagnosed and mistakenly treated for a heart attack by his two doctors. The Ritter Rules were developed to help people spot the early signs of an aortic dissection. Days of Our Lives and Babylon 5 actor Richard Biggs died in 2004, at the age of 44 due to complications from aortic dissection. Lux Interior of The Cramps died in 2009 at the age of 62 following an aortic dissection. Alan Thicke died in 2016 of type-A aortic dissection at the age of 69. Japanese actress Hiromi Tsuru died in her car from aortic dissection in 2017 at the age of 57. Taiwanese entertainer Alien Huang died of an aortic dissection in 2020 at the age of 36. Kentaro Miura, writer and artist of the manga Berserk, died from aortic dissection in 2021 at the age of 54. In 2021, New Zealand cricketer Chris Cairns was paralyzed from the waist down after an aortic dissection at the age of 51. In 2021, guitarist Richie Faulkner of the English heavy metal band Judas Priest suffered an aortic dissection whilst performing at a concert at the age of 41.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Moreover, both the refractive index and the optical absorption are found to be dispersionless over a broad wavelength range from visible to near infrared. Finally, GO film offers flexible patterning capability by using the maskless DLW method, which reduces the manufacturing complexity and requirements. As a result, a novel ultrathin planar lens on a GO thin film has been realized recently using the DLW method. The distinct advantage of the GO flat lens is that phase modulation and amplitude modulation can be achieved simultaneously, which are attributed to the giant refractive index modulation and the variable linear optical absorption of GO during its reduction process, respectively. Due to the enhanced wavefront shaping capability, the lens thickness is pushed down to subwavelength scale (~200 nm), which is thinner than all current dielectric lenses (~ μm scale). The focusing intensities and the focal length can be controlled effectively by varying the laser powers and the lens sizes, respectively. By using an oil immersion high numerical aperture (NA) objective during DLW process, 300 nm fabrication feature size on GO film has been realized, and therefore the minimum lens size has been shrunk down to 4.6 μm in diameter, which is the smallest planar micro lens and can only be realized with metasurface by FIB. Thereafter, the focal length can be reduced to as small as 0.8 μm, which would potentially increase the numerical aperture (NA) and the focusing resolution.
=== Web services for cheminformatics === CRDD developed an open source platform which allows users to predict inhibitors against novel M. Tuberculosis drug targets and other important properties of drug molecules like ADMET. Following are list of few servers.
Although they disliked each other as children, she and Erasmas become romantically involved in the course of the story. Jad: A Millenarian fraa from the Concent of Saunt Edhar. Jad is summoned to the Convox at the same time of Erasmas, but tells Erasmas to look for Orolo instead of traveling directly to the Convox. Jad is a participant in philosophical discussions at the Convox and plays a key role in the mission to the alien ship. It is hinted that he is hundreds of years old and possesses the ability to be conscious within multiple parallel universes. Cord: Erasmas' half-sister and a machinesmith who lives near the Concent of Saunt Edhar. She accompanies Erasmas on his search for Orolo. She and Yul become romantically involved in the course of the story. Sammann: A member of a social caste of computer experts from the Concent of Saunt Edhar who accompanies Erasmas on his search for Orolo. He provides technological support and knowledge for Erasmas' companions throughout the story. Yulassetar Crade (nickname "Yul"): A wilderness guide who joins the expedition to find Orolo. He and Cord become romantically involved in the course of the story. Ganelial Crade (nickname "Gnel"): A religious man who volunteers to drive the avout to the Convox, before joining the search for Orolo. Erasmas mistrusts Gnel at first, but becomes friends over the course of the story. Jules Verne Durand: A linguist from Laterre who infiltrates the Convox to gather information for the aliens. He defects to the Arbrans and joins the mission to the alien ship.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Cardarine is an investigational synthetic compound that acts as a PPARδ agonist. It is also known as GW501516 and has been studied mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine.
No. Cardarine is not a steroid hormone; it targets the nuclear receptor PPARδ. Its classification in anti-doping rules differs from anabolic steroids, though it remains prohibited in sport.
Early rodent studies reported tumor formation at multiple sites, which raised safety concerns. Sponsors stopped clinical development, and no approved human product exists.
Yes, WADA prohibits cardarine as a PPARδ agonist. It appears on the prohibited list and can be detected in urine or blood. Athletes using it risk sanctions.